Lucretia Rudolph Garfield Essay Research Paper Lucretia free essay sample

Lucretia Rudolph Garfield Essay, Research Paper Lucretia Rudolph Garfield 1832-1918 In according to her hubby, President James A. Garfield, Lucretia grows up to each new exigency with OK propriety furthermore, flawless gustatory sensation. She demonstrated this according to the state, however she was ever a held, independent grown-up female. She completely would not present for a run introduction, and very much wanted an abstract circle or casual gathering to a territory reaction. Her adoration for larning she procured from her male parent, Zeb Rudolph, a taking resident of Hiram, Ohio, and dedicated individual from the Disciples of Christ. She principal met Jim Garfield when both went to a close by school, and they recharged their well disposed relationship in 1851 as students at the Western Reserve Varied Institute, established by the Disciples. Be that as it may, Crete did non pull his specific going to until December 1853, when he started a wary charming, and they did non get hitched until November 1858, when he was acceptable propelled on his calling as an educator. We will compose a custom article test on Lucretia Rudolph Garfield Essay Research Paper Lucretia or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page His administration in the Union Army from 1861 to 1863 kept them separated ; their first child, a young lady, passed on in 1863. Be that as it may, after his principal desolate winter in Washington as a fresher Representative, the family unit stayed together. With a spot in the capital each piece great as one in Ohio they delighted in a glad residential life. A two-year-old kid passed on in 1876, however five kids grew up sound and promising ; with the progress of clasp, Lucretia turned out to be increasingly more her hubby # 8217 ; s confidant. In Washington they shared sound inclusions with amicable companions ; she went with him to gatherings of a locally celebrate nutrient D artistic culture. They read together, made cultural calls together, ate with one another and went in organization until by 1880 they were as about indistinguishable as his calling allowed. Garfield # 8217 ; s political race to the Administration carried a sprightly family to the White House in 1881. In spite of the fact that Mrs. Garfield was non curiously inspired by a First Lady # 8217 ; s cultural duties, she was significantly meticulous and her echt agreeable gathering made her meals and twice-week after week reactions satisfying. At 49 years old she was as yet a thin, effortless little grown-up female with clear dim eyes, her earthy colored hair get bringing down to demo traces of Ag. In May she fell calmly wiped out, apparently from jungle fever and anxious depletion, to her hubby # 8217 ; s significant hurt. At the point when you are wiped out, he had kept in touch with her seven mature ages previously, I resemble the occupants of states visited by earthquakes. She was as yet a recovering, at a seaboard resort in New Jersey, when he was shot by a brainsick bravo on July 2. She came back to Washington by specific train # 8211 ; fragile, exhausted, hopeless, announced an observer at the White House, yet house and tranquil and loaded with plan to rescue. During the three months her hubby battled for his life, her anguish, devotedness, and courage won the respect what's more, comprehension of the state. In September, after his perish, the dispossessed family unit went spot to their homestead in Ohio. For another 36 mature ages she drove a simply private be that as it may, occupied and comfortable life, dynamic in proceeding with the records of her hubby # 8217 ; s calling. She passed on March 14, 1918. Whitehouse.gov/wh/glimpse.firstladies/html/firstladies.html

Introduction to Online Teaching for English Teachers

Prologue to Online Teaching for English Teachers There has been enormous development in open doors for internet educating for ESL/EFL educators in the course of recent years. Heres a snappy review of the present circumstance, energizing open doors in the pipeline and tips on locales that are as of now offering web based educating conceivable outcomes. Internet Teaching as an Independent Contractor Most internet instructing openings give fill in as a self employed entity. This means there are no set hours and you can function so a lot or as meager as you wish. Obviously, that is likewise the catch-regularly there is little work to be had. The upside is that web based instructing for the most part permits you to set your own costs on these administrations. Set up a top notoriety in internet educating, and you can request a higher rate. Rivalry In the realm of internet instructing, there is a ton of rivalry, which in some cases prompts less hours. Be that as it may, things are changing quickly and an ever increasing number of understudies are finding their way to the assortment of web based instructing settings. Here are a portion of the fundamental locales that presently offer a web based instructing opportunity: VIPKID: VIPKID centers exclusively around showing English on the web and handles all the exercise plans and customer correspondences. Accessible to educators from the U.S. also, Canada, VIPKID has an application procedure that includes a fake exercise. Educators that perform well will have a higher base pay. VIPKID offers extra rewards and motivations. iTalki: This site began as a spot to discover communicating in accomplices in different dialects by means of Skype. Presently, its developed to incorporate web based showing administrations in English. Web based Teaching as an Employee There are a couple of organizations that offer open doors for paid web based instructing positions. Obviously, the opposition is progressively extreme for these positions, however the compensation is consistent. In the event that you are an accomplished instructor, alright with innovation, might want to exploit web based educating, yet want a fixed timetable this is most likely for you. The best spot to search for one of these positions is TEFL.com. Making an Online Teaching Business There are various instructors that have set up their own internet showing organizations in the course of recent years. Some of these organizations appear to progress admirably. Youll need the capacity to think like a business person (this incorporates promoting yourself, organizing, creating contacts, and so forth.) If this interests to you, it could likewise be the most rewarding web based showing plan - however it is difficult work and can take a long time to develop to where you have a constant flow of English students. Fundamental Requirements To effectively partake in web based educating youll should have the option to do a couple of things well: Use innovation easily. Ensure that you dont burn through understudies time while you become familiar with the innovation. This sounds very self-evident, yet it is regularly a problem.Create a couple of exercise designs that attention on web based educating. Youll need a course of action for web based instructing. Its not equivalent to educating in a classroom.Spend some cash on great innovation for your web based instructing. Nowadays contraptions are modest. Make a point to put resources into a decent camera, earphones and receiver. Youll additionally need a PC that can deal with video/sound gushing so ensure you have enough RAM!Willingness to advance yourself. In the event that you might want to rival different instructors as a self employed entity, youll need to advance yourself through your profile, blog, YouTube, and so forth. At present, understudies dont simply appear and they have heaps of decisions. There are numerous arrangements to make before you start web based educating. This manual for instructing on the web will assist you with managing the most significant innovative contemplations. At long last, on the off chance that you have had any involvement in web based educating, it would be ideal if you share your encounters so we would all be able to learn.

Essay Topics for IELTS - Consider an IELTS Writing Guide Before You Begin

Essay Topics for IELTS - Consider an IELTS Writing Guide Before You BeginWhen preparing your essays for IELTS, it is important to not only think about the topic but also the IELTS essay writing guide. In this article we will discuss why you need an essay writing guide and what to consider in your writing process.Writing essays for IELTS requires a lot of attention to detail and knowledge of the language. You may be able to write an essay on any topic. The problem arises when you do not know how to write your essay. This is where a quality IELTS essay writing guide comes in.There are many reasons why you may need to prepare an essay for IELTS. With this guide, you will have a better idea of the proper way to compose an essay that will help you pass the test.The main thing to remember is that a test is a very stressful thing to go through. You will need to prepare yourself and avoid making common mistakes. Without a good writing guide, you will just end up in the middle of your essay. Make sure you take note of all the essential components of good writing so you can avoid repeating the same mistakes throughout your essay.When you want to write an essay, first thing you need to do is get information about the writing format. You may want to try writing an essay first then decide what style you want to use. The best way to decide which style is right for you is to read a number of examples of different essay formats.As stated earlier, you will need to have a good writing guide. This will help you write an essay without ever having to worry about mistakes or grammatical errors. The guide will also show you what to change if you make a mistake and what to keep in your essay. For example, if you make a mistake in the verb form of a word, you should make a note of that so you don't repeat the same mistake again.While learning how to write an essay is important, you also need to learn how to edit the essay as well. This is very important because you will need to turn yo ur work into a paper. By the time you have finished your writing, you may not even know how your writing looked like. By editing, you will know exactly what style your essay will take.These are some of the benefits that you can get by choosing to write an essay on your own. If you choose to prepare an essay, you can still have all the benefits mentioned above, however, you will need to follow a simple guide in order to be successful. By getting an IELTS writing guide, you will always know what to do next and never make the same mistake twice.

Life During the Great Depression - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1659 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/05/17 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Great Depression Essay Did you like this example? The American Great Depression was a period of financial instability and uncertainty for many people all across the nation. Unemployment and homelessness rates fell.(Laibman). Youth life during this time was very tough and brought many issues. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Life During the Great Depression" essay for you Create order The radio was not the only form of entertainment people had, but it was very popular during this time, and many people had one. Money complications created many headaches for almost everyone. Farmers were under a great amount of stress during the Great Depression, and many lost land. The pricing during this time was not comparable to the prices we have today. Life during the Great Depression was challenging and came with many problems; therefore, many people were not able to live the life they envisioned. During the Great Depression, the economy of the United States was atrocious. At the start of the Great Depression, the financial system started to become very fragile. Many people were in debt, and businesses started to drop payroll. Because of this, citizens were not able to to pay off all of their debt, which left them in a bad predicament. Unemployment and homelessness began rising during this time, and the standard of living dropped (Laibman). In order to make a little bit of money, some people would work to maintain dirt roads for three dollars an hour (Musbach 34). The laws that were in effect during the Great Depression also had a big impact on the economy. Many people were protesting Prohibition, causing issues between the people and the government. Gangs ran speakeasies, which were illegal bars. Also, beer being sold during this time led to beer wars (Collins 116). Between the years of 1930 and 1938, the number of children that were five years old and enrolled in school d ropped 17.3 percent. Within the same years, there was a 16.1 percent drop in kindergarten enrollment. One factor that played into these drops was the birth rate fall during the Great Depression (Collins 30). Growing up during the Great Depression was a struggle for the children and parents. One of the responsibilities of the mother was to teach the children right from wrong. Although most children wanted to stay in school, many children had to drop out. One reason they had to drop out was to work in factories to help make money for the family (Thiel-Stern et al. 163). Another reason children couldn’t stay in school was because their family was moving around so much. Also, the lack of transportation, clothing, and money forced children to stay at home. Many children during this time wrote letters to the First Lady, Eleanor Roosevelt, asking for help and necessities (Collins 29). Children also played games to keep themselves entertained. Popular games during this time included Cowboys and Indians (better known as Nazis and Soldiers during this time), Hide and Seek, and Hopscotch (Thiel-Stern et al. 168). Their most prominent time of play was after dinner out on the banquette, which was what they called a patio during the time (Thiel-Stern et al. 173). During the Great Depression, many little girls looked up to Amelia Earhart and Shirley Temple (Thiel-Stern et al. 170). During this time of unemployment, people were searching for a way to keep themselves entertained. Many people would tend to gardens or tap trees for syrup. Also, they would pick fruits off of trees such as apples, pears, and cherries (â€Å"Growing Up During the Great Depression†). Playing board games was very common during the Great Depression, and two popular board games were invented. Scrabble was created by Alfred Butts, and Monopoly was created by Charles Darrow (Collins 86). Going to baseball games was a popular past-time before the Great Depression, but once the Great Depression started, the tickets became too expensive. Although many people couldn’t go see the games anymore, the radio started broadcasting games for everyone to hear. Baseball stadiums became lit, which allowed the games to be held at night. However, the baseball teams were still segregated during this time (Collins 92). Another way people kept themselves busy was by reading. One of the most popul ar books was Joan of Arc (Thiel-Stern et al. 170). Many people also read pulps. These were short fictions printed on cheap paper (Collins 58). The radio also played a huge part in the entertainment world during the Great Depression. Families would sit in their cold, unheated living rooms and listen to whatever the radio played (Thiel-Stern et al. 172). Many would listen to war reports or Franklin D. Roosevelts Fireside Chats in the evenings. When there was a big election, everyone would gather around their radios and listen to the election results (Thiel-Stern et al. 173). Weddings during the Great Depression weren’t anything special, and they were kept very inexpensive. There were no bachelor parties or after rehearsal dinners. The bride’s wedding dress was very cheap and plain. Most of the weddings during this time had a very small and private ceremony. Although the ceremony was small, many people celebrated their wedding for almost three days. Also, at some celebrations you could pay a dollar to have a dance with the bride (Collins 15). One of the main issues during the Great Depression was financial stability. Many people lost all of their savings in the stock market crash. People lost their jobs, which led them to lose their homes (Collins 20). One of the big factors taking most of the money was the health care system (Laibman). Due to all of the issues dealing with money, men moved away from their home and family to find new jobs. Men also felt bad about themselves because they weren’t able to provide for their family (Collins 15). Many homes couldn’t pay for electricity (Mussbach 33). There was no running water or any heat. The stove in the kitchen was the only form of heat for many homes (â€Å"Growing Up†¦) . Being a farmer during the great depression was a struggle. During the war, before the Great Depression, farmers increased their productions to meet the demand; however, after the war, demand and prices dropped. This left farmers with all the crops, and no one to buy them at the price they were grown. Because of this, farmers lost a lot of their own land. Sharecroppers and tenant farmers were forced off their land because of this money predicament (Musbach 34). Most farmers could only afford four cows and bulls, two or three hogs, and a few calves, chickens, and horses. Farmers also didn’t have the money to have machines do a lot of the work, so the horses were used in place of machines (â€Å"Growing Up†¦). Only one in five farms had electricity during the Great Depression, and only one out of ten of them had indoor bathrooms. If a farmhouse had a radio, it was most likely battery powered. Since many farmers didn’t have any electricity, there was no form of refrig eration. So, when farmers created cream, they sent it to town to have it stored and refrigerated. Although iceboxes seemed like a good idea, they didn’t help because they would have to go to town to get the ice. People would keep cans cold by lowering them into a wall near the house. 16 percent of farm families made over $1,500 a year. Sharecroppers and tenant farmers made less than or equal to $350 a year. The average per capita farm income was $167 (Musbach 34). The prices during the Great Depression were very different from prices today. People were able to go and enjoy a movie for only ten cents a person (Thiel-Stern et al. 174). Nuts would cost around 20 cents, a shirt would cost around 79 cents, meat would cost around 55 cents, a goose would cost around one dollar and 43 cents, and pig feed would cost around eight dollars and 75 cents. A car licence would cost someone about five dollars and 25 cents, and then another 85 cents per gallon for gas (Musbach 39). Bread would cost around 35 cents, and butter would cost 30 cents (Musbach 40). In order for families to stay on budget, there was a recommended intake for each person. The recommended milk intake was one quart for children and one pint for adults. They should have had a serving of fruits or a tomato three or four times a week. Having one potato a day was also recommended to stay on budget. One serving of vegetables a day, and a leafy vegetable three or four times a week was recommended (Collins 22). Having three or four eggs a week was recommended. Also, crisp bread for the kids helped with tooth development (Collins 23). Having a meal plan during the Great Depression was essential for families to stay on budget. A family on a strict income would have very little food, and would have to make the food they did have stretch across a long period of time. For breakfast, they would have hot cooked cereal with milk and toast with margarine, and then wash it down with coffee or milk. For lunch there would be scalloped mac and tomatoes, cabbage salad, bread with margarine, toast for kids, and cocoa. Dinner consisted of lamb stew with potatoes, onions, carrots, bread with margarine, toast for kids, indian pudding, and milk to drink (Collins 25). Life during the Great Depression was challenging for many people. The economy was falling apart, and the financial system was on the verge of breaking. Growing up during this time was also difficult due to the need of schooling, but also the need to work and help the family make money. There wasn’t much a person could do for entertainment, but the radio played a big role in the entertainment world during the Great Depression. The money problems people had during this time were enormous, and many people lost everything they had. Many farmers were affected during this time due to the change in demand for crops, and many were forced off their land. The pricing of things during the Great Depression were very different from what they are today, and planning meals according to budget was a challenge. Life During the Great Depression - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 921 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Depression Essay Did you like this example? Imagine losing all your money in a blink of an eye after it being flowing into your pocket rapidly in the last period and then you either have to depend on others or sell what you have and stand in long lines for food.This is what happened to average families during the greatest economic downturn in the history of the U.S. Before the great depression the U.S was advancing exponentially during what was called the Roaring Twenties (Ellen Parson,2002). The introduction of electricity and installment payment made average citizens capable of owning products they couldnt afford such as fridges, radios, microwaves etc (John Lake, 2018). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Life During the Great Depression" essay for you Create order But all of this changed in what was called Black Tuesday were the stock market crashed and the worst economic crisis in history started(Sloan Lynch, 2018). The effects of the great depression were devastating on politics, social aspects of the community and more importantly the economy of the Land of the free that lead to the government intervention into economic and social affairs of the country. The roaring twenties were the years before the great depression from 1920 to 1929, it was an era of flourishing and advancement and also changes in the Americans mindset. The national wealth of the United state became more than double its value from 1920 to 1929. The introduction of electricity to American homes was a major change in the life of the average life of an American citizen. Radios became the way of communication and news broadcast. Average families were able to afford electrical products that they couldnt afford using installment payment. Installment payment was introduced by stock buyers who used the same method to buy their stocks.The downpayment of product could be as little as 10% of its price .(John Lake, 2018) The cultural change during the roaring twenties was of a massive impact to the culture of the U.S. The Harlem Renaissance played a major role of changing the music, art and theatre aspects of the American culture forever. Other symbols that characterized the Roaring twenties was The New Lady who was a young lady with bobbed hair and short skirts who drank and smoked and was more sexually free than other ladies according to (History.com Editors,2010). In conclusion, people were living in luxury during the 1920s; watching baseball games and listening to Jazz(Ellen Parson,2002) (Kathleen Harris,2016). However, this joy didnt last long.On the 29th of October 1929, that black Tuesday, when the stock market crashed and billions of dollars were lost. The New York stock exchange trading floor was filled with traders on that night, 16 million shares were lost and billions of dollars vanished through the air (picture in photo essay by: Carry Nelson n.d). Investors were abe to buy through margin purchase. A margin purchase allows an investor to borrow money, typically as much as 75% of the purchase price, to buy a greater amount of stock. (Ushistory.org, n.d.) The cause of the market crash was mainly due to the investors belief that if a stock is going to sell,they will be willing to pay more for it so they rise its value (Ushistory.org, n.d.). But when they feel thats its price may fall they will try to sell it and when all investors try to sell at once no one will buy ad the market value will decrease and thats exactly what happened (Ushistory.org, n.d.). This panic sell began on Thu rsday October 24th 1929 and continued and by the end of the day on the Black Tuesday panic has erupted and stocks were being sold for even less value and in 10 weeks time the stock market value halved. (Ushistory.org, n.d.) This market was blamed to be the incentive of the great depression yet it was more of a symptom of it.It shaked the American economic confidence and made an end to the loans America extended over European countries that were recovering from World War 1.(abc-clio,2018) The stock market crash, bank failures and business practises all lead to the great depression (Sloan Lynch, 2018)The worst economic disaster in the history of the US.The Great Depression lasted roughly 12 years and was ended by World War 2. It devastated the American economy and produced financial hardships for millions of people.(abc-clio,2018) Everyday life changed for every class during the great depression. More than a quarter of the population became jobless and had no income. That was about 15 million people were out of work(KIMBERLY AMADEO, 2018). A third of the children couldnt attend public schools as schools didnt have the budget to open (Sloan Lynch, 2018). Most of the people who didnt lose their job had either their wages reduced or their schedules became part time schedules. Unemployed men and homeless people had to go to soap kitchens and Hoovervilles(were name after president Herbert Hoover, Hoovervilles were shanty houses built for homeless people) to get meals and shelters.(abc-clio,2018)(Sloan Lynch, 2018) During the Great Depression, half of the banks failed and by 1933 4,000 banks have failed.Even big banks run out of business as when people knew the banks used their money on investing in the stock market they were shocked and they ran to take money from banks. Jack Bates,one of the survivors of the great depression, says: farmers had no money during the depression. He also says his father was a dentist and when some farmers came to his clinic they had to pay with the products of their farm like chicken, eggs,ducks and geese.(Adam Bird,2012)

Puma Marketing Project - 5317 Words

Introduction: With a hallmark of mixing it up, PUMA has a top 10 position in the global sporting goods market. We have distinguished ourselves from the competitive landscape and strengthened our hold in our consumers life. Puma has risen fast to attain sixth place in the global sportswear market, doubling its annual profits in one year. Dedicated to delivering cutting edge products and a long-term growth plan are key drivers in our longevity which result in our ability to anticipate the markets needs. As we will continue to stay true to our objective and expand our innovative ideas, we are confident that 2005 will be another rewarding year for PUMA. The following contains our internal analysis, external analysis, DAFO Analysis, fixed†¦show more content†¦PUMA has been built on them and needs them to flow relentlessly hour by hour, day by day. This demands a willingness to think outside the box, to zig where others zag and to seek inspiration beyond the more obvious boundaries of our bus iness universe. Such creativity has inspired the PUMA brand strategy. It will also be needed to make it a reality. Looking back at 2003, PUMAs global advertising campaigns aimed at communicating a singular and unique message to our consumer base. Center stage in the second half of 2003, was PUMAs Hello campaign that strived to solidify the brands personality to a growing consumer audience. The soft product focus, and Hello tagline aim to nurture an emotional bond through the use of fun and light-hearted imagery and to establish PUMAs openness as a brand. In contrast, by marrying the elements of sport and fun, PUMAs 4some concept exemplified the companys devotion to its strong sport heritage. Held in six key cities across Europe, it is a four-woman team based competition involving running, swimming, cycling and football. Communicated as a time to have fun, learn and compete, 4some targeted the recreational female athlete who regards physical health as only one element of well being. So their marketing has necessarily has to go through the previous concepts to reach as much sport varieties as possible providing the maximum quality and image to each one of their products and customers.Show MoreRelatedMarketing Strategy Of Puma And Adidas Essay1900 Words   |  8 Pageshave in common today. Puma is known to be one of the most popular brands in the sports industry, along with Nike and Adidas. It is a huge company with various types of customers who is either a sport and athletics fan or love the trends and fashion of Puma. It will be interesting to analyze the history and steps taken to maintain their impressive status as there has been constant competition with their rivals throughout history. 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The Beginning Of Civilizations On Education - 1026 Words

The world we live in today is a very good example of a dystopia. Problems have riddled our societies from race fighting, to bigotry, and even mocking people for choices about their bodies or genders. There are many choices that have led to both the causes and the effects of what we live in now. Many people are discussing how to turn our current situations around, this is how I will accomplish these goals in my utopia. The beginning of civilizations starts on education, as future generations are taught the ideals and beliefs of a society; this leads me to take the same exact step in implementing my strategy. Basic education will be very similar to the current American system through high school. Education will start with a strict adherence and following of my former credo. Continued education through college will be payed for, but only for the most intelligent of the populace. The less intelligent will be allowed to attend trade schools, or apprenticeships in any type of labor job. Ou tside learning on one’s own time is highly encouraged to continue to grow overall as a person, which also elevates a person religiously. Not only for that reason but also to be able to get into college if they don’t want to have to go to technical school, or if they want to achieve a high position in the military. Fighting and the establishment of militaries have been around pretty much as long as there have been disagreements about different things. People are constantly fighting, whichShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of An Education During The Beginnings Of Civilizations Around The World Essay1571 Words   |  7 Pages The importance of an education has increasingly been promoted throughout the beginnings of civilizations around the world. During the early centuries, there was a push in order to achieve advancements in technologies and improve everyday life. Another reason was in regards to religious faith, to become informed about those practices and ways to reach s alvation. 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However, what time period had the most rigorous education, answers to the question may vary, but logicRead Morehis112 r3 Ancient Civilizations and the Greek World Matrix1457 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿University of Phoenix Material Ancient Civilizations and the Greek World Matrix Complete the matrix by entering cultural, political, and economic developments that had lasting effects or that are significant of each civilization. The table includes one example. Civilization Cultural Developments Political Developments Economic Developments Mesopotamian Developed the beginnings of astronomy and mathematics Believed in many gods not just one. Emergence of Kings, exercised distinct political ratherRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Sparta And Athens748 Words   |  3 Pagessurvive long, for in 415 B.C., the Athenians decided to attack a major Sparta ally; their plan was to demolish the city-state of Syracuse. This scheme resulted in a harsh loss taken by the Athenians. 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The Evolution of Snow White free essay sample

Reflecting the female zeitgeist of the mid 1930s with the reactionary antifeminist undertones brought about by the overindulgence of the Roaring Twenties, the Disney film still leaves much to be desired in the realm of children’s indoctrination. The original Brothers Grimm version first established these moralistic formulae, but it did so in a particularly gruesome fashion. Gone were the morbid details of murderous narcissism, witchcraft, prepubescent sexual ripening, and ritual cannibalism, originally indispensible story elements to better reinforce the all-too-important Protestant values the brothers Wilhelm and Jacob Grimm held so dear. The target demographic was very different as well; while the Disney version was conceptualized with the General Patronage rating in mind, the Grimms’ version was formerly written and published for scholars and teachers in various editions abounding with annotations and notes. The pilot German edition was entitled â€Å"Snow-drop† and published in Kinder–und Hausmarchen in 1812. The rumored early drafts supposedly were a darker and more sinister tale, much more so than the edited version. We will write a custom essay sample on The Evolution of Snow White or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, this was not the first appearance of the Snow White character. The Grimms collected the elements of their stories from old midwives, nurses, sewing circle members and the like, owing to the deeply-steeped oral folk traditions of the time. The earliest known written version of the tale may be a derivation of Giambattista Basile’s â€Å"The Young Slave,† published in the collection, Il Pentamerone in 1634. Referenced in the Grimms’ text in 1812, the story is recognizable as the parent of the Grimms’ Snow White albeit it differs in some of the finer points, as well as owing some similarities in other fairy tales. In the account, a lady gets impregnated by the ingestion of a rose leaf. Secretly, the lady, a baron’s unmarried sister, births a baby girl and names her Lisa. Similar to the â€Å"Sleeping Beauty† trope, fairies were invited to bless the child but one unfortunate fairy botches up the blessing (she slipped and twisted her ankle), making it into a curse that states specifically that the child, Lisa, will die when she reaches the age of seven. True to the bumbled blessing, Lisa’s short and fast-forwarded life comes to an end on her seventh year, while her mother was combing her hair. In her grief, the mother tries to preserve the charming vision of her daughter in seven caskets made of pure crystal and hides her in a secluded part of the baron’s castle under lock and key. The mother’s grief eventually brought her to her grave; on her deathbed he gives the baron the key to the room and makes him promise to never open the door under any circumstance. Years pass, and the baron marries. Borrowing from â€Å"Bluebeard†, the baron is called by his peers to a hunting trip so he gives his wife the key and strictly instructs her not to open the door. Propelled by the sense of mystery, distrust and a skewed by-product of reverse psychology, the wife runs up to the locked room and opens it. Here she finds a stunningly beautiful young maiden—our Snow White, Lisa, now grown to her adolescent years by the magic of time—sleeping in an intricate crystal bed. Mistaking the girl for the baron’s secret mistress, the baroness in a fit deserving of the â€Å"Scorned Woman† description, dislodges the comb from the girl’s hair—subsequently waking her from her reverie—beats the girl within an inch of her life, cuts of her long, immaculate black hair and dresses her like a kitchen maid. When the baron returned and inquired about the appearance of this strange and careworn young woman, the baroness supplies that the girl was â€Å"a slave sent her by her aunt, only fit for the ropes end, and that one had to be forever beating her. † One day, the baron was invited to a local fair, but before his departure, he promises everyone, including the cats and slaves, a gift when he returns. Lisa asks for a doll, a knife, and some pumice-stone. After a series of events, he finally acquires the requested gifts and presents them to Lisa. Lisa tired of the suffering she has endured, goes to the kitchen, and tells the doll her heartbreaking tale while she contemplates killing herself with the sharpened knife. She threatens the doll that if it did not answer, she will most certainly end her life. The doll, animated by sympathy, answers and pleads to her not to. After several days of routine suicide consideration and marionette psychotherapy, the baron overhears the miserable tale of the child. Wanting to right what is wrong; he adopts the child as his own and restores her health, beauty and heritage. The misinformed baroness is forever banished—back to her parents. Basile’s The Young Slave contains motifs we recognize not only from Snow White but also Sleeping Beauty (the fairys curse), Bluebeard (the locked room), Beauty and the Beast (the troublesome gift), and other tales. The minimal inclusion of any supernatural elements is also a distinct note. Excepting the circumstances of Lisa’s birth and death, the primary conflict did not, in any way, warrant the use of telltale poisoned apples, dwarven miners, and paranormal, information-gathering mirrors. The cause of the baroness’s fit can also be considered as a â€Å"normal reaction;† a woman driven to a temporary insanity by jealousy and Lisa’s suicidal kitchen conversations with the doll spoke a poignant message of a child’s battered psyche. Basile painted for us a domestic and deeply moving tale of Italian courtly life. Finally, we move on to the Grimms â€Å"distilled† version. Similar to the Basile version, the story starts with a barren queen longing for a child. Set in the frigid, northern snow lands, the queen gets inspired with the droplets of blood from her pricked finger marring the white snow and she wishes that her daughter be â€Å"as white as snow, as red as blood, and as black as the wood of the window-frame. † Soon after that, the queen gives birth to a baby girl who has skin white as snow, lips red as blood, and hair black as ebony. They name her Princess Snow White. As soon as the child is born, the queen dies. We are then introduced to the king’s replacement queen: a vain and conniving woman who daily consults a magical mirror that can answer any question asked to it. Often, she asks the mirror in those immortal words, Mirror, mirror on the wall, who in the land is fairest of all? to which the mirror always replies You, my queen, are fairest of all. This daily exchange goes on until the princess reaches the age of seven. Even at a very young age, the princess is described as the most beautiful woman in the land, and the mirror does not fail to point this tiny detail out to the queen. The queen’s jealousy overwhelms her and she orders a huntsman to take Snow White into the woods and kill her. The huntsman, buckling under the sheer beauty of his young companion, shirks his duty and tells the girl to run away, hoping that the forest wildlife might be the ones to end her life. Of course, he mustn’t return empty-handed, so he kills a boar, takes its liver and lungs and presents them to the queen as Snow White’s. The queen, rejoicing in her victory, proceeds to eat the entrails after demanding it to be cooked. Back in the forest, where the forest critters stay their claws and hunger at the sight of pretty, little Snow White, she discovers a tiny cottage belonging to seven dwarfs, where she rests. The dwarves, after a long day at the mines, find their homes slightly disturbed. Incensed at the existence of a trespasser, they quickly search the house and finding the sleeping body of Snow White in one of their beds. Again, dazzled at the sight of this lovely child, they took pity on her. When she finally woke up—and after Snow White’s explanation—they agreed to keep her safe in exchange for manual labor, and gratefully, she agrees. The dwarves, wary of the queen’s retaliation, warn her to close the door during the day and take care not to let anyone in. The queen confers with the mirror to reaffirm her superiority, and is shocked and furious at the fact that Snow White is still alive. With her experience in the arts of witchcraft and camouflage, she scours the seven mountains in search for the girl and three times tries to take her life. After two failed attempts (the dwarves save her every time), she finally succeeds with the help of an enticing poison-laced apple. Such is the splendor of her apple that Snow White almost immediately eats it and falls into a deep stupor. The dwarves fail to revive her and so they place her in a glass coffin, her beauty exposed for all to bask in. Snow White’s â€Å"corpse† does not decay even after a certain amount of time. A traveling prince happens upon the coffin and, intrigued, asks the dwarves for her. At first they don’t agree but they eventually give in, seeing that the prince’s help might be the best for the girl at this time. The prince’s servants carry her away but a serendipitous incidence lodged the poisoned apple piece from her throat, waking her from her reverie. After quick declarations of love from both of them, they, without more ado, plan their wedding. The queen, still thinking the princess dead, consults her mirror who is the fairest in the land, and yet again the mirror disappoints her by proclaiming that, You, my queen, are fair; it is true. But the young queen is a thousand times fairer than you. Not knowing the new queen was her stepdaughter, she goes to the wedding to scope out the new competition. When she realizes that not only was her stepdaughter alive, but the wedded queen of a prince, an unfathomable horror encroaches upon her heart. As punishment for her repeated attempts at murder, she is forced to dance in a pair of heated iron shoes until she dies. The fetishization of physical beauty is obviously in play more so in this narrative than in Basile’s story. Physical beauty was the agent of the queen’s ire, and her determination in snuffing out that wondrous, miraculous beauty fuels the major conflict. Could it be simple vanity, an intense narcissism mutating into a murderous obsession in being the most beautiful? Or could it be an inherent insecurity fueled by the fear of being upstaged by the cloying prettiness of the young woman? Roger Sale, best encapsulates the psyche of the queen in â€Å"Fairy Tales and After. † He states, â€Å"There is, for instance, no suggestion that the queens absorption in her beauty ever gives her pleasure, or that the desire for power through sexual attractiveness is itself a sexual feeling. What is stressed is the anger and fear that attend the queens realization that as she and Snow White both get older, she must lose. That is why the major feeling invoked is not jealousy but envy: to make beauty that important is to reduce the world to one in which only two people count. Within the realms of the Grimms’s female community, Snow White’s beauty is a hindrance; a loosely-said blessing given to a child too young to realize its significance and the social gravity (i. e. possible competition) connected with it. In Delia Sherman’s poem, â€Å"Snow White to the Prince,† the princess openly shows her disdain for the beauty she possesses, â€Å"My cursed beauty. Will you hear now why I curse it? It should have been my mothers — it had been, until I took it from her. Sherman also has some very astute observations concerning Snow White’s gullibility in accepting all these gifts from a suspicious and vaguely familiar source. Due to lack of character detail on the Grimms’ part, Sherman forged her own reading on the tragic relationship of stepmother and stepdaughter as what it really is, stripped from all the Judeo-Christian trappings of the original authors, Do you think I did not know her? . . Of course I took her poisoned gifts. I wanted to feel her hands coming out of my hair, to let her lace me up, to take an apple from her hand, a smile from her lips, as when I was a child. Snow White, according to Sherman, is not a guileless, naive little girl tempted by folly; she is the embodiment of every child yearning for even a sliver of affection and love from an abusive parent. Here, she willingly participates in the queen’s homicidal charades to invoke a certain semblance of motherly bonding between them. The Grimms’ flimsy explanation of â€Å"hardwork being the cure of idleness,† then dissolves in a pile of spent orals, as the painful realization of Snow White’s ignorance might be her longing for a mother figure. Olga Broumas has an analogous interpretation in her poem eponymously entitled, â€Å"Snow White,† Dont curse me, Mother, . . . No salve, no ointment in a doctors tube, no brew in a witchs kettle, no lovers mouth, no friend or god could heal me if your heart turned i n anathema, grew stone against me. Snow White has been an alluring and, ultimately, mysterious figure that has been given a lot of literary treatments through the years. Deconstructive attempts in popular culture tried to veer away from the archetypal elements set by the original story (as well as Disney’s counter-productive attempts) by reinterpreting the characters, setting, and the binaries of the main conflict. Honorable mentions would be Neil Gaiman’s short story, â€Å"Snow, Glass, Apples,† which features the Snow White story in the narrative voice and point of view of the stepmother. It features a vampiric Snow White, using her powers to inveigle the people around her while she feeds on the blood of her victims. The queen, here, is fighting a desperate struggle to rid her kingdom this undead monstrosity but, true to the plot flow of the original, fails to convince her subjects to see through her evil stepdaughter’s ruse. Angela Carter’s gothic re-imagination â€Å"The Snow Child† would also be a worthy candidate. Instead of a baroness asking for a child, it was the Count who wanted a child â€Å"as white as snow. † In accordance with an in-story legend, his wish is granted and he lavishes the child with his time and affection, much to the Countess’s vexation. At the Countess’s command, the child picks up a rose and dies at the prick of a thorn.

Biotechnology Development and the U.S. Economic Hegemony

Abstract Biotechnology is understood by many to be one of the most promising areas of technological development and among the most probable to bring significant economic and societal gains to the United States in the 21st century. With so much potentially at stake, an international competition has emerged among states and companies to grow and capture the value of biotechnology products.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Biotechnology Development and the U.S. Economic Hegemony specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Competitiveness generally refers to the relative potential of a nation or company to convey goods or services to markets. Evaluations of competitive strength usually rely on indicators such as revenues, market share, and trade. Biotechnology is not a detached industry, but relatively a technology applied across a wide range of products in different industries for which biotechnology products in genera l account for a small fraction of total sales. For this reason, this research reviews national biotechnology research and development (RD) investments and patents as indicators of current U.S. scientific and technological competitiveness and potential markers of future industrial competitiveness in biotechnology products. Introduction Biotechnology is understood by many to be one of the most promising areas of technological development and among the most probable to bring significant economic and societal gains to the United States in the 21st century.1 With so much potentially at stake, an international competition has emerged among states and companies to grow and capture the value of biotechnology products. Competitiveness generally refers to the relative potential of a nation or company to convey goods or services to markets. Evaluations of competitive strength usually rely on indicators such as revenues, market share, and trade. Biotechnology is not a detached industry, but rel atively a technology applied across a wide range of products in different industries for which biotechnology products in general account for a small fraction of total sales.2 For this reason, this research reviews national biotechnology research and development (RD) investments and patents as indicators of current U.S. scientific and technological competitiveness and potential markers of future industrial competitiveness in biotechnology products. The competitiveness of U.S. developed biotechnology products and processes may finally depend on broad issues, i.e. fair trade practices, protection of intellectual property, regulatory climate, and tax policies.3 The competitiveness of U.S. innovation, however, could largely depend on the ability of biotechnology companies to remain in business.Advertising Looking for research paper on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Because biotechnology is capital concentrated, s taying in business means raising significant amounts of money. Start-up companies’ primary need for cash, together with the desire of venture capitalists in the United States to benefit from the manufacture of high-value-added products (based on innovative technology) have led to the financial community’s substantial involvement in the formation of biotechnology-based firms.4 The United States has led the world in the commercial development of biotechnology because of its strong research base most visibly in biomedical sciences, and the capacity of entrepreneurs to finance their ideas. During the early 1980s, an amalgamation of large scale Federal funding for basic bio-medical research, publicity surrounding commercial potential, and readily available venture capital funding gave way to the formation of numerous dedicated biotechnology companies (DBCs).5 Dedicated biotechnology companies are almost exclusively a U.S. experience as no other country has a distantly compa rable number. Biotechnology companies are created specifically to take advantage of the business potential of biotechnology. These companies generally start as research companies with science and technology but without products. They do not undertake RD on practically so wide a scale as established companies. Instead, they focus on definite technologies, particular products, and position markets. The companies must finance the preliminary costs of infrastructure development-including buildings, plants, equipment, and people without the advantage of internally generated revenues. They rely on venture capital, stock offerings, and rapport with established companies for their financing needs.6 Apart from venture capitalists, the federal government has played a vital role in catalyzing U.S. RD efforts. Indeed, the U.S. is the only country in the world that is known to have an integrated national effort focused on biotechnology. The biotechnology sector has enjoyed strong, bipartisan sup port from the executive branch, the House of Representatives, and the Senate. Each year, the President has proposed increased funding for federal biotechnology RD, and each year Congress has provided supplementary funding.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Biotechnology Development and the U.S. Economic Hegemony specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Over the years, the congress is believed to have utilized a total of $9 billion for biotechnology RD intended to bolster continued U.S. technological leadership and to sustain the technology’s development, with the long-term objective of creating high-wage jobs, bolstering economic growth, and wealth creation.7 This has also been for the purpose of addressing vital national needs, renewing U.S. manufacturing leadership and advancing health, the environment, and the overall quality of life.8 National RD investment is an input measure that may give some persp ective on how successful a country and the organizations within the nation may become in generating scientific knowledge that can lead to innovative products and processes. However, the long-term value of these investments may be influenced by a range of factors such as: the ability of the scientists carrying out the RD and the tools available to them; the effectiveness of the system (i.e., businesses, supply chains, infrastructure, innovation, climate and government policies) for interpreting RD outcomes into commercial products; the fields of biotechnology pursued; the balance in fundamental research, applied research and development efforts.9 The United States has led and continues to lead, all countries in public investments in biotechnology RD.10 However, the estimated U.S. allocation of global public RD investments in biotechnology has dropped as other nations have come up with similar programs and increased funding. In the closing decade of the 20th century, many nations foll owed the U.S. example and established formal national biotechnology programs in recognition of the potential contributions that biotechnology may offer for economic growth, job creation, and public health and safety.11 Indeed, a recent research estimates that the total 2005 public global R$D investments increased 10% over the 2004 level, reaching $6.4 billion. International investment levels can be contrasted using varying methods, producing significantly different perspectives on leadership.Advertising Looking for research paper on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, using a currency exchange rate comparison, the United States ranks ahead of all others, with federal and state investments of $1.78 billion in 2005 (27.8% of global public a RD investments), followed by Japan ($975 million, 15.2%) and Germany ($563 million, 8.8%). When national investments are regulated using purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates (which seek to balance the purchasing power of currencies in different nations for a given basket of goods and or services), China ranks second in public biotechnology spending in 2005 at $906 million, behind only the united states. Japan drops to third as its PPP-regulated investment drops to $889 million.12 This shows that the United States still maintains the leadership in relation to public investment in biotechnology. Apart from public investments, private investments in biotechnology development come from two major sources, corporation and venture capital investors. Internationally, organizations invested an estima ted $5.3 billion in biotechnology research and development in 2005.13 This figure represents a 19% raise over the 2004 estimate, a growth rate nearly double that of international public research and development. This apparent rise of growth in corporate research and development is undoubtedly an indicator that biotechnology research has attained commercial development. As with public research and development investments, on a PPP comparison basis, the United States led the rest of the world with a projected $1.9 billion investment. In the second position was Japan with $1.7 billion in private investment in biotechnology RD. Statistics show that the private investments of companies based in these two countries account for almost three-fourths of private investment in biotechnology RD in 2005. Additionally, venture capital investment, which is the primary financier of start-up organizations, provides another possible indicator of U.S. international competitiveness. In 2007, venture ca pital for biotechnology reached an estimated $702 million internationally of which U.S.-based organizations received $632 million translating to 90% of the total funding.14 Another indicator of gauging a country’s competitive position is in the assessment of the number of patents issued to individuals or institutions of that country.15 According to the U.S. Patent and Trade Office (USPTO), a patent awards ownership rights to a person who â€Å"invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof.† 16 By this definition, patents are undoubtedly an indicator of future value and national might in a technology, product or industry. By this measure, the United States position seems to be very strong. United States assignees lead all other countries in patents issues by the USPTO. According to an examination by the USPTO of patents in the United States and in other countries, U.S. origin i nventors and owners have the most biotechnology-related U.S. patents by a wide margin and the most biotechnology-related patent publications internationally, but by a slimmer margin. Additionally, the USPTO analysis established that U.S. assignees have the most biotechnology-related inventions that have patent publications in three or more countries. The figure placed at 31.7% is a strong indication of a more aggressive pursuit of international intellectual property protection and, by supposition, of its professed potential value. By this measurement, the United States is followed by Japan (26.9%), Germany (11.3%), Korea (6.6%), and France (3.6%).17 There has been quick growth in biotechnology patents in the USPTO and European Patent Office (EPO) patent databases. A study conducted in 2007 established that the number of U.S. biotechnology patents in the USPTO and EPO databases grew at a close exponential pace between 1980 and 2004. The study showed that each year from 1990, U.S. ass ignees have taken up an approximate of two-thirds of all patents in the USPTO database. In 2004, U.S. assignees took up 66.9% of USPTO biotechnology patents. An earlier examination of USPTO data, covering patents from 1976 to 2002 also indicated U.S. biotechnology patent leadership, with the United States accounting for over 67% of patents, followed by Japan, Germany, France, and Canada.18 Although patents have shortcomings when it comes to assessing future competitiveness in terms of economic gains, there is no doubt that, the United States is leading in this area. If the recent trend is anything to go by, then there is no doubt that the U.S. will maintain its competitive edge in biotechnology development.19 Conclusion Biotechnology, both as a scientific art and commercial entity is just slightly above two decades old. In that short period, however, it has changed the way scientists perceive living matter and has led to research and development that may lead to commercialization of products that can dramatically bolster human and animal health, the food supply, and the quality of the environment. Developed mainly in U.S. laboratories, many applications of biotechnology are now viewed by companies and governments throughout the world as essential for economic growth in several, seemingly different industries. Since its development, the U.S. has maintained its competitiveness in this crucial sector of the economy. With other nations emerging as serious competitors in this field, the question of whether the U.S. can maintain its competitiveness has remained a question among many people. However, if the available statistics are anything to go by, then there is no doubt that the U.S. will continue holding on to its current position as a world leader in the biotechnology industry. Bibliography Acharya, Rohini.   The Emergence and Growth of Biotechnology. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1994. Arrighi, Giovanni and Beverly Silver. Chaos and Governance in the Modern World -System: Comparing Hegemonic Transitions. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999. Bergesen, Albert and John Sonnett. â€Å"The Global 500: Mapping the World Economy at Century’s End.† American Behavioral Scientist 44 (2001):1602-1615. Hacking, Andrew.   The Economic Aspects of Biotechnology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. Kealey, Terrence. The Economic Laws of Scientific Research. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996. Li, Xin and Lin Yiling. â€Å"Worldwide Biotechnology Development: A Comparative Study of USPTO, EPO, and JPO Patents-1976-2004.† Journal of Biotech Research 9, (December 2007): 231-240. Maddison, Angus. Monitoring the World Economy, 1820-1992. Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1995. Powell, Walter. â€Å"Inter-organizational Collaboration in the Biotechnology Industry.† Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 120 (1996):197-215. Sassen, Saskia. The Global City:   New Yo rk, London, Tokyo (Princeton:   Princeton University Press, 2001) 26-31. Taylor, Peter. The Way the Modern World Works: World Hegemony to World Impasse. New York: Wiley, 1996. Footnotes Rohini Acharya, The Emergence and Growth of Biotechnology (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1994), 60. Andrew Hacking, The Economic Aspects of Biotechnology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986) 79-86. Ibid. Saskia Sassen, The Global City:   New York, London, Tokyo (Princeton:   Princeton University Press, 2001) 47-50. Angus Maddison, Monitoring the World Economy, 1820-1992 (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1995) 5-10. Ibid, 7. Ibid, 10. Peter Taylor, The Way the Modern World Works: World Hegemony to World Impasse (New York: Wiley, 1996) 81-90. Ibid, 84. Giovanni Arrighi and Silver Beverly, Chaos and Governance in the Modern World-System: Comparing Hegemonic Transitions (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999) 72. Ibid. Albert Bergesen and Sonnett John, â€Å"The Global 500: Mapping the World Economy at Century’s End.† American Behavioral Scientist 44 (2001): 1602-1615. Xin Li and Yiling Lin, â€Å"Worldwide Biotechnology Development: A Comparative Study of USPTO, EPO, and JPO Patents-1976-2004.† Journal of Biotech Research 9, (December 2007): 231-240. Ibid, 232. Ibid, 233. Terrence Kealey, The Economic Laws of Scientific Research (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996) 12-20. Li and Lin, Journal of Biotech Research, 236. Ibid, 239. Walter Powell, â€Å"Inter-organizational Collaboration in the Biotechnology Industry† Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 120 (1996):197-215. This research paper on Biotechnology Development and the U.S. Economic Hegemony was written and submitted by user Jorge Winters to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Evolution of music essays

Evolution of music essays In the video we saw in class we learned about the advancement of music with the development of technology. The first thing that we saw was how the bell makers now use computers to eliminate the unwanted sounds from bells by creating bells of different shape. Also we saw how the organ manipulates sound by sending it through different tubes of different diameters and by decreasing or increasing the size of the tubes then we saw how technology manipulates all those sounds by using filters. How those filters work. Sound is converted into a digital signal of ones and zeros that that signal can be filtered using hardware or software. Since sound is already converted into ones and zeroes, using software we can eliminate parts of sound for which we already know how the signal would lock like in numbers. Hardware wise I dont really know how it is done. Then we saw how a professor from a university was given the task of finding out the quemical components of the varnish and of the wood of Stradivarius violins that way we could reproduce those. When locking into the varnish he found out that the varnish contained powder made from precious stones. Then when he locked into the chemical components of the wood of the violine he found out that the wood was wood of fresh just cut wood that was marinated since it was fir a time in salt water probably do to that the wood was transported by drag in it through the sea to the place of its destination. The professor theory is that the two famous violin makers didnt really knew or specifically choose the wood and the varnish it was gust luck and being at right place at the right time. ...

Maximising Sales and Client Base of Contemporary Art Gallery Essay

Maximising Sales and Client Base of Contemporary Art Gallery - Essay Example CAG would be catering to the needs of customers ranging from various age groups possibly from 16-65 and people from diverse lifestyles. The company has a strong belief in values and therefore the employees would be given a 10% gain sharing on the basis of their performance in the next year. Apart from this the company is aimed at acquiring 20% return on its applied capital assets in the next 15 months. Company has identified the following tasks on the basis of short term plan: Approach to the clients for the CAG to identify their needs and tastes more into the roots. Locate the sponsors and investors for implementing the objectives. Establish the infrastructure for the art gallery with all the latest facilities and equipment. Plan the first art exhibition and first musical concert which will held within the next six months. External Environment The external environment for CAG is explained using the PEST analysis. PEST is an abbreviation for political, economical, social and technolo gical analysis. It is primarily used to describe the macro environment for any newly started project in order to analyze the external factors which might influence the business in the short run or in the long run. In the recent times the horizon of pest analysis has broaden to PESTEL which further includes the environmental and legal factors affecting the business activity. Political The stable political condition of the country enables the company to carry out its operation smoothly and soundly. However the expected areas for the political intervention would be tax policy; this will be dealt through modern age accounting solutions such as the principle of depreciation which is a helpful tool in decreasing the tax rate and simultaneously increasing the company... Maximizing sales and client base of Contemporary Art Gallery The paper presents a deep business activity analysis of a Contemporary Art Gallery and future forecasting on the basis of PESTEL analysis and Seven Ps of marketing. It also describes a substantial and suitable mission statement and has also assigned the immediate tasks to be done to improve the business situation. The initial business plan is made on the basis of ‘The Pyramid of Goals’ presented in ‘The Business Plan Workbook’. Within the next 3 years, the aim of the plan is to achieve a significant position in the world of Art as well as in the artists’ lives. Over the next year, the sales and client base is expected to be increased by 15% which would enable the company to achieve the future goals as well. The company has a strong belief in values and therefore the employees would be given a 10% gain sharing on the basis of their performance in the next year. Apart from this, the company is aimed at acquiring 20% return on its applied capital assets in the next 15 months. The plan emphasizes that extending the business operations while considering different external and internal environmental aspects will facilitate the company to maximize its sales and increase the client base. The initial business plan clarifies the aims and objectives of the company and also encourages the employees by assigning them certain goals for a specified time period. Motivated employees play a vital role in increasing the overall productivity.

Group effectiveness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Group effectiveness - Essay Example If the new approaches were adapted, then the group would have worked harmoniously. Respect for each other’s opinions should have been present. The work load should have been assigned fairly and not randomly decided by the self-appointed leader, who wanted to get all the credit, although all he did was to assign the jobs that have to be completed. 2) There were several factors that contributed to one’s satisfaction in being a member of a group. First of all, from the very start the goal of the group was established. Although each one has a goal of his own, a common objective was arrived at by the group. The roles of each member were very clear from the beginning. Each one was assigned a role which best fits his qualifications. There were rules that served as guidelines for the group. There were differences of opinions during the meetings but everyone was ready to listen to what one has to say. Respect was always present. Even if there were some disagreements, it was resolved politely, without any violent reactions from the group members. The decision was a group decision and not a decision made by only one person. 3) To further improve one’s communication skills, one has to learn to listen to other people’s opinions without having to be judgmental. One should realize that there is a time to speak and a time to listen. To be more effective in working with a group, one must know what he can contribute to the group by knowing his qualifications and capabilities. A win-win solution should always be the focus of decision-making. An evaluation of how one contributed to the group goals and how the group achieved its goals must be in place. Another way of improving one’s communication skills is to learn how to get the right message in the proper manner. One’s ideas must be clear and simple to be better understood by the other

Environmental factors affecting McDonalds management functions

Environmental factors affecting McDonalds management functions Executive Summary This analytical study aims to investigate and analyse the various environmental factors that can affect the working of McDonald’s Corporation and provide strategic recommendations for the enhancement of its organisational effectiveness, profitability and competitive advantage. The operations of the firm, especially the globalised nature of its working and its extensive geographical reach, make it subject to various environmental influences. The writer has accordingly shortlisted 12 important environmental factors, namely Customers, Products and Services, Competitors, Employees, Technology, Political Factors, Economy, Environmental Factors, Culture and Religion, Globalisation, Legal Issues and Shareholders and analysed them in detail. The writer has thereafter made use of the TOWS framework to provide several strategic recommendations for the enhancement of the firm’s productivity, profitability and competitive advantage. The main recommendations pertain to the utilisation of organisational resources for expansion of the nutritional value of the firm’s products, the creation products for elder age groups and the expansion of the customer base of the organisation. It is recommended that the organisational management of the firm should specifically focus upon removing prevailing perceptions about the nutritious value of the firm’s products and thus remove important customer associated apprehensions to future growth. Table of Contents S. No Contents Page Executive Summary 2 1. Introduction 4 2. Product Line 4 3. Environmental Analysis 6 3.1. Customers 7 3.2. Products and Services 7 3.3. Competitors 7 3.4. Employees 8 3.5. Technology 8 3.6. Political Factors 9 3.7. Economy 9 3.8. Environmental Factors 10 3.9. Culture and Religion 10 3.10. Globalisation 10 3.11. Legal Issues 11 3.12. Shareholders 11 4. Strategic Analysis and Recommendations 11 4.1. SO Strategies 12 4.2. WO Strategies 12 4.3. ST Strategies 12 4.4. WT Strategies 13 5. Conclusions 13 References 14 1. Introduction This analytical study aims to investigate and analyse the diverse environmental factors that impact the management and marketing functions of McDonald’s Corporation and thereafter provide strategic recommendations for the future. McDonald’s Corporation, founded in 1940 as a barbeque restaurant, has grown over the years to become the largest global chain of fast food restaurants (McDonald’s Corporation, 2014, n.p. The organisation has operations in 119 countries, approximately 440,000 employees and more than 36,000 retail outlets (McDonald’s Corporation, 2014, n.p.). McDonald’s is one of the world’s most successful business corporations and its operations have been studied in detail by various researchers (McDonald’s Corporation, 2014, .p.: Kennedy, 2014). The organisation has become a symbol for American business enterprise and corporate globalisation (McDonald’s Corporation, 2014, n.p.: Kennedy, 2014, n.p.). The comparative price of a McDonald’s burger has been used to compare the purchasing power of different countries (McDonald’s Corporation, 2014, n.p.). The firm owns approximately 15% of its outlets and operates them directly, the balance being operated by others through diverse franchising and joint venture organisations (McDonald’s Corporation, 2014, n.p.). The corporation operates in extremely challenging environmental conditions, characterised by intense competition from several large global food retailing firms and differing environmental conditions in its various markets (McGrath, 2013, n.p.). The firm has faced criticism from various groups of activists for its products and HR strategies (McGrath, 2013, n.p.). The next section of this structured analytical study provides details about the organisation’s products; this is followed by sections on environmental analysis and strategic analysis and recommendations. The study ends with a summative conclusion. 2. Product Line McDonald’s is known to be a hamburger fast food restaurant, which also sells soft drinks and a variety of sides (McDonald’s Corporation, 2014, n.p.). The organisation has however over the years developed a wide range of food products that can be categorised into six segments: Burgers and Sandwiches Drinks Snacks and Sides Desserts and Shakes Salads Breakfast (McDonald’s Corporation, 2014, n.p.) The following table provides the details of its products and product mix for the US market. Table 1: Details of McDonald’s Products and Product Mix Product Segments Details Product Segments Details Burgers and Sandwiches Angus Snacks and Sides Wraps Big Mac Apple Slices Quarter Pounder Fruit Hamburger Fries Cheeseburger Desserts and Shakes Ice Cream Crispy Chicken Sundaes Grilled Chicken Mcflurry Fish Shakes Mcribs Cookies Drinks and Beverages Milk Pies Water Salads Side Salad Juice Premium Salad Coffee Breakfast McMuffins Ice Tea McGriddles Coke Products Biscuits Cinnamon Melts Bagels Burritos (McDonald’s Corporation, 2014, n.p.) McDonald’s has also recently introduced Its McCafe range of coffees, chocolate drinks and smoothies (McDonald’s Corporation, 2014, n.p.). The firm also provides meal bundles like favourites under 400 (calories) Dollar menus, Extra Value Meals, Happy Meals and Mighty Kids Meals (McDonald’s Corporation, 2014, n.p.). The corporation is attempting to broad-base its food products to cater to diverse types of customer food needs (McGrath, 2013, n.p.). 3. Environmental Analysis McDonald’s has to operate in an extremely complex environment on account of the internationalisation of its operations and the intense competition it faces from diverse firms in the fast food business. The business environment of an organisation has several internal and external environmental factors that can influence and impact its working and shape its organisational strategies and policies. McDonald’s environment contains various elements, the more important of which are depicted in the following chart. Each of these factors is taken up for detailed analysis below. 3.1. Customers McDonald’s has retail operations in 119 countries and serves the needs of millions of customers (McDonald’s Corporation, 2014). Whilst researchers have tried to segment McDonald’s customer base in various ways, the organisation primarily caters to the needs of children, young people, parents, and business customers (McDonald’s Corporation, 2008). Each of these customer segments has specific needs and the organisation has to fulfil them as much as possible (McDonald’s Corporation, 2008, p 2). Children, for example love to visit McDonald’s because it is a fun place and McDonald’s responds to their needs with various toys, special facilities for birthday parties and other fun things for children (McDonald’s Corporation, 2008, p 3). It aims to provide nutritious meals for parents with children and has affordable menus for teenagers (McDonald’s Corporation, 2008, p 4). Business customers are provided with quick and affordable meals that fit in with their working schedules (McDonald’s Corporation, 2008, p 3). The organisation is constantly focusing upon the enhancement of customer satisfaction (McDonald’s Corporation, 2014 n.p.). 3.2. Products and Services McDonald’s provides a range of food products to its customers in clean, well designed and attractively laid out retailing environments (Frenchman, 2014 n.p.). The organisation aims to provide customers with a range of tasty and nutritious food, delivered swiftly and at affordable prices (McDonald’s, 2008, p 4). The organisation’s products and services constitute its strongest attraction for customers and the organisation very obviously has to ensure that they meet customer needs and continue to delight them (Frenchman, 2014 n.p.). 3.3. Competitors McDonald’s has several competitors, each of which is constantly seeking a greater share of the market (Raphel, 2014 n.p.). It is important to recognise that the organisation faces competition from various large organisations, like for example Burger King, Wendy’s, KFC and Subway and also numerous small fish and chip and fried chicken establishments (Raphel, 2014 n.p.). It also faces competition from strong firms like Starbucks, Taco Bell, Dunkin Donuts, Pizza Hut and Domino’s Pizza (Raphel, 2014 n.p.). Each of these competitors is constantly working on its quality of food and service, as well as on diverse other options and strategies to attract customers (Jargon, 2014b, n.p.). It is important to appreciate that competition for McDonald’s has increased significantly in the past two decades, which in turn has resulted in the slowing of the organisation’s growth and some reduction in its market share (Jargon, 2014b, n.p.). The nature and intensity of the competition faced by the organisation very clearly shapes its organisational strategies. 3.4. Employees McDonald’s is overly reliant upon its employees for both the preparation of its food and for the quality of its customer service (Lovewell-Tuck, 2013 n.p.). Restaurant workers form the largest group in the company’s employment structure (Lovewell-Tuck, 2013 n.p.). Each McDonald’s restaurant has average workforce strength of 50 employees; many of these employees join at the entry level and as part-time workers (McDonald’s, 2008, p 3). McDonald’s has been subjected to substantial criticism in the past for its low wages, as well as for the high turnover of its restaurant employees, who comprise teenagers, transitional workers, students and working mothers (Lovewell-Tuck, 2013 n.p.). The effective deployment and marshalling of its employees constitutes one of its most important organisational objectives (Lovewell-Tuck, 2013 n.p.). The organisation provides vocational training to all of its employees as well as the opportunity for securing promotions to higher positions, including executive positions in the organisational hierarchy (Lovewell-Tuck, 2013 n.p.). McDonald’s has constantly worked upon its HR management strategies and attempts to motivate its staff with diverse rewards and incentives (McDonald’s, 2008, p 3). All employees in the top 10% of McDonald’s restaurants receive bonuses on the basis of mystery shopper scores. The organisation also rewards its outstanding employees with awards and trophies at Gala functions. Neal Blackshire, a senior official at McDonald’s, states that the organisation recognises employee behaviours, ensures that recognition and reward are right for the workforce and understands what employees wish and value (Lovewell-Tuck, 2013 n.p.). 3.5. Technology Technological advancements are affecting every aspect of the social and business environment and McDonald’s takes care to ensure appropriate use of technology for achievement of organisational objectives and competitive advantage (Baldwin, 2013 n.p.). It works on technology constantly to enhance the optimisation of its operations (Baldwin, 2013 n.p.). The preparation of a big Mac,for example,now takes 60 seconds and is processed in three stages, including packaging (Baldwin, 2013 n.p.). The organisation is making use of several types of technology for storage of food, regulation of temperature, preparation of food, control of supply chain and financial management and reporting (IncisiveMedia, 2004, n.p). McDonald’s is linking different responsibility centres through appropriate communication systems in order to enhance optimisation of efficiency and productivity (IncisiveMedia, 2004, n.p ). 3.6. Political Factors McDonald’s operates in several countries, many of which have different political systems (Han, 2008, p 73). It thus has to cater to various types of political pressures in order to ensure the meeting of its objectives (Han, 2008, p 73). Various governments are currently attempting to increase their control over the fast food sector on account of health associated issues; some of them are restricting the issuances of licences to franchisees (Han, 2008, p 74). Local political pressure has also been applied on the firm from time to time for its perceived role in the dilution of local culture (Han, 2008, p 75). The corporation thus has to constantly anticipate the political environments of the different locations in which it works and take appropriate proactive or reactive action. 3.7. Economy The general economic environment plays an important role in shaping the organisation’s business strategies and policies (Thompson, 2002, p 36). The economic climate can affect discretionary incomes, customer footsteps, market brand, availability of labour and the prices and availability of materials (Gasparo, 2012, n.p; Gould, 2012, p 608). The organisational management of McDonald’s, both local and central has to thus constantly work towards anticipating and overcoming diverse types of economic challenges (Gasparo, 2012, n.p; Gould, 2012, p 608). It is important to however appreciate that the demand for affordable food products is by and large inelastic and stays high, regardless of the health of the economy (Gasparo, 2012, n.p; Gould, 2012, p 608). McDonald’s makes use of this benefit by ensuring that people can come to its outlets when they wish and purchase affordable meals for themselves and their families (Gasparo, 2012, n.p). The organisation has shown remarkable resilience during the recent recession and has protected its profit margin by balancing its low priced menus with premium products (Gasparo, 2012, n.p; Gould, 2012, p 608). 3.8. Environmental Factors McDonald’s, as the largest food retailing chain in the world, has to deal with several types of environmental factors (McDonald’s Corporation, 2014, n.p; McDonald’s Corporation, 2010, n.p.). The firm makes significant use of beef, packaging materials, napkins, carry bags, oil, water and power. Its operations also result in generation of substantial amounts of solid waste (McDonald’s Corporation, 2014, n.p; McDonald’s Corporation, 2010, n.p.). The firm has over the years worked towards the enhancement of operational sustainability and improving the ecological soundness of its operations (McDonald’s Corporation, 2014, n.p). It has tied up with the Environmental Defence Fund (EDF) to ease the company’s environmental burden (McDonald’s Corporation, 2014,n.p; McDonald’s Corporation, 2010, n.p.). It has introduced policies for enhancing the recycled content of its packaging material and for reducing the use of polystyrene (McDonald’s Corporation, 2014,n.p). It has developed a rain forest policy and adopted beef purchasing practices that do not lead to deforestation (McDonald’s Corporation, 2014,n.p;). 3.9. Culture and Religion McDonald’s has to necessarily work in diverse countries with different cultural and religious environments. It has taken the lead in offering customers taste and appearance variations in accordance with the demands of local cultures and religious customs (Cheek, 2014,n.p). It followed up its entry into India, where Hindus do not eat beef and Muslims do not eat pork, by introducing vegetable McNuggets and a Maharaja Mac with lamb meat (Cheek, 2014,n.p.). It has furthermore obtained certification for Halaal food for Islamic countries like Pakistan, Malaysia and Morocco and has advertised it on its menus (Cheek, 2014,n.p.). The firm’s menu in Morocco offers dates, milk and cookies during the holy month of Ramadan (Cheek, 2014,n.p.). The organisation has taken care to ensure the standardised structure of its menu, even though it has provided for several local variations (McDonald’s Corporation, 2014,n.p.). 3.10. Globalisation Economic and cultural globalisation essentially involves the economic and cultural intermingling of different cultures (Salisbury, 2014,n.p.). McDonald’s, as an eminent food retailing organisation, is a leader of globalisation and has spread the American food culture across the world (Salisbury, 2014,n.p.). It has, whilst doing so, had to take account of various social, cultural and global issues and respond to them with sensitivity, cultural sensibility, economic foresight and wisdom (Salisbury, 2014, n.p). The adoption of such carefully thought out approaches have helped it to overcome strong resistance in various areas of the world and establish successful operations (Salisbury, 2014, n.p). 3.11. Legal Issues McDonald’s has over the years been challenged by various legal issues in different countries. Its success has led many businesses to copy its name and logo and the firm has responded by taking legal action in several trademark associated cases (Petersen, 2014, n.p). The organisation has also been involved in several litigations involving its employees and worker rights (ABC News, 2007, n.p). Some of these cases have gone against the organisation, leading to penalties and fines (ABC News, 2007, n.p). One customer was awarded several million dollars after suffering from third degree burns because of spilling a hot cup of McDonald’s coffee on herself (Petersen, 2014, n.p). The corporation very clearly has to pay great attention to the legal aspects of its operations (Petersen, 2014, n.p). 3.12. Shareholders Shareholders comprise one of the most important stakeholders of the firm. McDonald’s has rewarded its shareholders well over the years in terms of market appreciation and dividends (Jargon, 2014a, n.p). The firm plans to increase its payout to shareholders by 10 to 20% over the next three years, even when it is under pressure to enhance sales performance (Jargon, 2014a, n.p). 4. Strategic Analysis and Recommendations This section entails the conduct of a strategic analysis and the provisioning of appropriate recommendations. A TOWS analysis involves the analysis of organisational strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats and the subsequent utilisation of strengths and minimisation of weaknesses for the exploitation of opportunities and countering of threats. 4.1. SO Strategies SO strategies entail the utilisation of strengths for exploitation of opportunities (Henry, 2008, p 42). McDonald’s is a global brand with a strong global presence (Lesser et al., 442). It has economies of scale, a strong real estate portfolio, branded menu items and one of the world’s most recognised logos (Research and Markets, 2013, n.p.). It also paradoxically has high employee turnover, a customer base that mainly comprises children and young people and is yet to develop a reputation for healthy and nutritious food (Research and Markets, 2013, n.p.). The firm should thus very clearly use its resources for expanding its customer base and for enhancing the nutritious value of its products (Lesser et al., 442). It should focus on developing a range of food products that are targeted at elderly people who are likely to have health conditions associated with blood pressure, blood sugar and the heart (Lesser et al., 443). The development of products for this customer segment will help McDonald’s in opening up a completely new customer segment and in the development of truly healthy products (Lesser et al., 443). 4.2. WO Strategies McDonald’s has numerous opportunities for enhancing its organisational effectiveness, success and competitive advantage (Research and Markets, 2013, n.p.). The growing population of the world, along with changing lifestyles and improving economies provides the organisation with significant opportunities for greater growth (Jurevicius, 2013, n.p.). It can reduce the weaknesses in areas of nutrition to target customers across its different segments (Jurevicius, 2013, n.p.). McDonald’s does have some salads on its menu, which offer health eating options to customers. The organisation however continues to be perceived as a purveyor of high calorie products that can lead to obesity and other health problems (Lesser et al., 445). It can take several more steps, like the introduction of hummus and tahini paste, feta cheese, and olive oil in its product range (Research and Markets, 2013, n.p.). Such efforts will certainly help the organisation in attracting more customers and enhancing sales. 4.3. ST Strategies ST strategies involve the utilisation of strengths for the reduction of threats (Williamson et al., 2003, p 109). McDonald’s currently faces threats on account of the continuance of economic difficulties, foreign currency fluctuations, intensifying competition, nutrition associated issues of its products and perceptions about the unhealthy attributes of its food(Lesser et al., 445). The firm can use its organisational strengths to enhance its supply chain management and improve its operating margins (Jurevicius, 2013, n.p.). It can engage in significant and focused advertising and outreach campaigns to focus upon its commitment to various customer segments (Jurevicius, 2013, n.p.). 4.4. WT Strategies WT strategies involve the reduction of weaknesses for the avoidance of threats (Thompson, 2002, p 32). The firm can engage in specific advertising to reiterate its commitment to health, fitness and sports (Lesser et al., 445). The sponsorship of sports programmes across schools, college and universities can assist the firm in enhancing th